转帖,来自 http://news.wenxuecity.com/messages/200902/news-gb2312-796337.html 美国公司杂记 笔者进入美国生物制药公司研发部门工作一晃也有五六个年头了,在其中既被人管理也 管理着别人。近日总有一种冲动想将自己的所见,所闻,所想记录下来,既是一种阶段 总结,也想静下心来挖掘一下自己的内心世界,看看自己拥有了什么,还有哪些不足。 因此写下这篇博文,与大家共享。俗话说"文以载道",如果本文能引起一些共鸣或起到 一些有益的作用,"善莫大焉";如果您认为是无稽之谈,则可一笑置之。"佛法无边, 只渡有缘之人"。 我们 每个人都用自己的眼睛看这个世界,同一个世界在每个个体的眼睛中是不同的, 因此个体对世界的认识与客观事实存在着差距,所谓真理只是对真实世界的无限接近, 但永远不是真实的存在本身。因此,"真理永远在认识之后,存在之前"。我们对世界的 认识大多时候停留在"认知"阶段,距离"真理"尚相差甚远,更别提"存在"本身了。另外 ,笔者是土生土长的中国人,在中国接受的高等教育,是以一个中国人的视觉来看待美 国公司,虽耳濡目染美国文化,但看待美国文化下的美国公司只是一家之言。因此名为 "杂记"。 首先一个问题是美国公司是什么?对这个问题可能政治或经济学家有更精确的定义。但 笔者认为就是中国的大集体或信用合作社,它是具有不同专业或文化背景的个体聚集在 一起求生存求发展的一种组织形式,即所谓的"Corporate System"。它在遵守国家法律 的前提下,有自己的规章制度及文化。既然它是一个大集体,那么当个体的利益与集体 利益有冲突的时候,个体利益将不得不服从集体利益。因此公司就相当于一个滚动的轴 轮,员工好比轴轮中的钢珠,圆溜溜的钢珠会帮助轴轮顺利地滚动向前,但是钢珠是不 能有棱角的,否则会卡住其它的钢珠,影响车轮的前行;时间长了,在公司这个车轮中 每个员工的棱角都会被磨去,变得圆溜溜的。因此美国公司是抹杀员工个性的场所。美 国的民主制度,什么自由精神,独立人格是排除在公司之外的。这并不是说你不能有个 性,只是说你的个性不能影响你的工作。如果你是理想主义者而追求这样的东西,大公 司的工作会让你非常失望。但是大公司的好处就是"众人划桨开大船",集体的力量有时 大于个体力量的简单相加,如果各部门协作得当,大家各用其长,每人都会从他人的长 处中得益。缺点也是不言而喻,就是个体的影响力有限,另外就是"林子大了什么鸟都 有","南郭先生"会比比皆是,因此优秀员工的贡献会被这些"先生"们抵消,更可怕的 是有时互相扯皮,内斗不可避免。在美国的大公司工作就像吃社会主义大锅饭一样,像 一个大馒头,每个人都在吃,但许多人从来不会考虑新馒头在哪里。这时候资本主义社 会的竞争性这一特点的优越性就显示出来了,资本市场会要求上市公司为出效益而精益 求精,公司内部上级也会要求下级出成绩,因此扯皮或内斗在健康的公司里会限制在一 定范围内。另外,高科技公司的研发部门是科学为主导,结果为绩效的单位,单纯靠搞 阶级斗争是持久不了的。上文讲到,公司里尤其是大公司里是没有独立人格及自由精神 的,任何人都有好几层的领导,因此这里的工作并不是适合所有的人,有时并不能帮助 自己发挥出自己的最大潜能。 下面我来谈谈公司的管理体制。一般来说,美国生物制药公司实行的是金字塔式的管理 ,很像军队中的管理,下级服从上级,遵循责权利相结合的原则。因为老板具有给其直 接领导下的员工评分的权力(直接影响到年终奖及加薪的多少),因此一般会得到下属的 尊重,利于管理。就一个职能部门而言,部门主管(VP或DIRECTOR)处于金字塔的塔尖, 他/她对部门的效益负责,同时往往也是该部门员工的上帝,在年终升职加薪奖金的评 定中拥有生杀予夺的权力。因此,美国大公司是颇为专制的一言堂,如上文所讲,在这 时是没有民主的。这种只有集中没有民主的集权可以起到令行禁止的作用,减少了部门 内的摩擦。另外,部门主管的权力越大,他/她的责任也越大。往往我们可以看到某某 Executive年薪达多少多少,但往往我们没有想到的是他/她们承受的压力有多大,能够 做到那个位置付出了多少,是多少好运气的迭加。(He or she must have done something right, probably many many times - 明白了这一点,我们或许会少一点怨 气,多一点平和之气)。上面提到了军队的管理及职能部门的概念,笔者认为制药公司 的研发单位相似于战争中的野战部队:各个疾病研发部门好比野战兵团,负责攻城拔寨 (开辟药物研发的战场);许多支持部门好比工程部队或后勤,负责协调支持;也有许 多专门技术部门,好似炮兵或导弹部队,应用得当可立奇功。(假想敌是各种重大疾病 ,但往往因为敌人太强大,多数战役会以失败收场)。公司内部等级森严,军衔林立, 论资排辈。另外值得指出的是,药物研发的终级或者说是唯一目标是新药上市,但是从 项目的酝酿到新药上市要十年以上的时间,花费十数亿美金,而在此期间是没有人真正 知道最终结果的(大概95%或以上的项目会失败)。因此很难对某一个部门限定硬性指标 ,而管理层就会设定一些阶段性或软指标来作为年终评定绩效的手段,而这些手段都是 人定的,领导的年终奖金会取决于这些阶段性成果的数量,因此"拔苗助长"或"大跃进" 往往比较普遍。这有点像现在经济危机中的华尔街或者放贷经纪人,反正已经凭此升官 发财了,哪里会管得了以后的事情。 了解了公司的管理体制,下面来谈一下如何在公司里争取自己的最大利益。 笔者认为首先应该"修身"与"自强",努力提高自己的业务素养,使自己不但能够胜任自 己当前的工作,同时也时刻准备着胜任更有挑战性的任务。另外,常言道" 艺不压身" ,我们应该充分利用工作中的资源,不断学习新的技术及管理经验。特别是当今生物医 学知识及技术日新月异,在这个领域工作当真如"逆水行舟",不进则退,客观上也要求 我们去不断学习。古人云"朝闻道,夕死可矣",我们应该欢迎这种积极进取乐观向上的 生活态度。因此,我们在公司里应该争取各种培训机会(尽量事先给自己的管理层沟通 ,争取得到支持)。笔者非常推崇的一句格言 - 天行健,君子以自强不息;地势坤,君 子以厚德载物 - 应该在美国也有现实意义。奥林匹克精神所推崇的"更高,更快,更强 "的"超越自我"的精神是全人类共同的美德。这里我想到了两个例子。一个是金庸先生 ,他的 "飞雪连天射白鹿,笑书神侠倚碧鸳"武侠系列小说可以讲是前无古人,给予了 我们芸芸众生无数的美好时光;他的无数社评及政论性文章一针见血,令人拍案叫绝。 就是这样一个令人高山仰止的文学大家,在耆耄之年仍坚持进入牛津大学历史系攻读博 士学位,求知精神可歌可泣;另一个例子是演艺圈的李连杰,成龙,周润发等人,当年 他们在香港事业如日中天之时,为追求更大的舞台,毅然转到美国好莱坞发展,这种超 越自我的精神令人赞赏。大家不要以为好莱坞等着他们去赚钱,他们在香港的名气与经 历作用并不大,后来的成功是一步一步打拼而来的。特别是李连杰先生,成功后虚怀若 谷,致力于慈善事业,是当代艺人的典范。美国最伟大的总统之一THOMAS JEFFERSON也 强烈认为教育是一个终生学习的过程。现代心理学认为人感到幸福往往是因为认识到了 自己对他人或社会有用(当然这可能是更高层次的一种幸福),我们应争取让自己的生命 之花开出更为耀眼的光华。除开这些原因之外,在当代美国社会里,公司为了自己的生 存进行裁员是家常便饭,因此很难让员工对公司保持有一定程度的忠诚。客观上也让我 们每个人在工作中保持"危机感",而保证自己工作职位安全第一要素是自己的"履历表" ,因此我们工作中应致力于不断完善它。因此"自强"是公司里生存的第一要素。但是, 惰性往往是人的天性,有时人在一个舒适的环境里待久了,反而丧失了斗志;拥有过多 有时会成为累赘,不是一件好事,这是生活的辨证法。 公司内争取自己的最大利益,还应该注意与领导的有效沟通。俗话说,会叫的孩子有奶 吃;你只有向上帝要东西,上帝才会给你,否则上帝怎会知道你的心事。升职加薪的机 会往往需要自己去争取,否则领导还以为你满意于目前的职位,而将机会给予了表现不 如你的同僚。但是一定要有策略及一定程度的耐心,比如说时刻注意要当老板的助手而 不要成为竞争对手(黄金定律),让领导的领导欣赏你等等,也要注意物极必反的道理。 上文讲到,大公司里军衔林立,除非你为公司做出了重大贡献或你的老板坐了直升机大 幅升迁,员工大幅升职加薪的机会是较少的。千万不要为了蝇头小利而与老板过不去, 给老板斗争胜利的例子不是没有,但是很少。原因不言而喻,公司一般会认为老板的作 用会比下属大,因此失去他/她比失去属下损失更大,或者说老板具有更大的"不可替代 性"。因此,除非你确信你在公司的地位比你的老板更重要,一般轻易不要给老板闹别 扭。有时争取利益的同时意味着妥协与忍耐,在各种具体情况下应对策略见人见智。很 多情况下应该具有权衡利弊的智慧。适用于法律的颁布,法庭的裁决,新药的批准,医 生的处方等等情况的黄金准则 - 两利相权取其重,两害相权取其轻 - 也应该适用于公 司里最大利益的争取。"此地不留爷,自有留爷处"应是最后的选择,因为到一个新的公 司原来的积累可能会烟消云散,面临的问题可能会更多。有时可以进行一下换位思考或 反向思考,比如说如果我是老板或属下该如何处理这件事,会怎么想;我做了或不做这 件事会不会后悔等。虽说权衡利弊是理性的思考,但有时要"跟着感觉走",FOLLOW YOUR HEART 才是最后的答案。 有效的MARKETING也很重要。大家都知道以前的皇帝或官员出巡,八抬大轿一抬,前面 鸣锣开道,后面鼓乐齐名。抬轿的出力,鸣锣的出人,各有各的用处,抬轿的有时就觉 得自己亏,但是要吹乐鸣锣人家得让你去,自己必须去争取。另外,老板看中的是员工 能否给他们解决问题,因此应该在恰当的时候SHOW OFF。比如每年的10月份评定级效, 成绩应该集中在夏秋季出来,上半年的成绩会很容易被遗忘。 下面探讨一下如何在公司里保持健康快乐的心态。 一句话,不以物喜,不以己悲。要有一种"世事我曾努力,成败不必在我"的达观心理。 上文讲过,大公司里个人对公司的影响有限,因此员工个人虽然要如上所述要获取自己 的最大利益,但一旦不能如愿,千万不要把自己当回事,否则万千烦恼丝会接踵而来。 本人的一位在业界非常成功的朋友曾经对我说:在公司里面做事,也就是问自己两个问 题,一是身体是否健康,二是职位是否稳定,如果回答都是"YES"的话,就要祝福自己 了。另一位更绝,他说在公司里"既不要把自己当男人,也不要把自己当女人,领导说 是什么人就是什么人"。工作必须完成得漂亮,但工作时不要老是想着升职加薪。就像 武侠小说中的练剑,心中无剑,方能将剑练到至高境界。大概姚明或TIGER WOODS在每 一下投篮或击球的时候,是不会想到那一下子会赚多少钱的吧。人是要有一点精神的, 记得有一个西方的哲人(记不得名字及出处了,实是不该)说过,人生有几个不同的境界 ,大致是 - 吃饱穿暖,吃好穿好,男欢女爱,受人尊敬,个人成就感。其中无须别人 承认的自我的成就感是最高的境界。美国的大公司里是不讲历史的,不论你以前做了多 大贡献,一切都是过去时,都在过去给你的工资奖金里面,不存在谁欠谁的问题,公司 给你工钱,你可以有一个像样的生活,不论你的职务有多高,你总是在夹心层,受夹板 气。还有,大公司里一朝天子一朝臣,机关算尽太聪明,反误了卿卿性命的故事一再上 演。年底的评级是相对的,总是横向拿你与同僚来比较,是各种因素平衡制约的结果, 如不满意,抗争一下是必要的,但要审时度势,量力而为。 公司里你不是一个人在战斗,因此与同事特别是老板的关系问题往往是引起我们郁闷的 主要原因之一。如上所述,除非万不得已,千万不能得罪老板。如果遇到太过强横的老 板,建议学习金庸先生的"九阳神功"- 他强由他强,他横由他横,我自一口气,明月照 大江。感觉金先生可能著作倚天是遇到过类似的事情而有感而发。也有对同事应不亢不 卑,但有时不应太过软弱,记住有时人们不是因为你对他们好而对你好,而是因为你不 好了而对他们不利才变得对你好。 下面我想谈谈公司里中国人比较关心的语言及歧视问题。 对于英语不是自己的母语的中国人而言,语言及随之而来的文化隔阂是进入较高管理层 的主要障碍之一。对于青春期(18岁)已过而来美国的人而言,每个人或多或少都会带有 一些口音,这一点信不信由你。我想要说的是,不要为了语言不好而妄自菲薄,高科技 公司雇佣你不是因为你的语言技能,而是因为你的专业技能为他们带来不同,只要你在 语言上的缺陷不影响工作就可以了。就像华为总裁任正非所说,人不能光盯着自己的缺 点,一个人一辈子如果只努力改造缺点,而不发挥优点的话,也会错过很多机会。但是 ,每个人都会同意我们应该花一辈子的精力去学习语言或改善自己的语言能力。有一个 木桶理论我想很多人听说过,决定木桶容量多少的关键不是最长的木条,而是最短的木 条,有时中国人的语言能力恰恰是影响自己发展的那根短木条。这也是许多人遇到的" 玻璃天花板问题"。在美国高科技公司里,我不能说没有歧视问题,但是总体感觉到不 是太严重,几十年的法律及规章制度上的积累已经把这个问题压缩到了很低的限度。 OBAMA成为了美国总统就是对这个问题的最好的答案。你拿不到那个位子,或者感到不 平等,往往并不是受到了歧视,而是你自己的能力还不足以胜任那份工作。比如说部门 主管,有时并不是科学或技术上能力强就足够的,你还需要说些鼓动人心的话,有一些 人格魅力等。作为第一代移民,我们具有语言上的先天不足,不得不花更多的时间,付 出更多的精力,才能够与美国同僚们站在一起(可以讲是其它方面不如你的同僚们),这 平等么,想想似乎不平等;但这是平等中的不平等,不平等中的平等,是社会多样化的 体现。但是我们也有自己的优势,比如对中国的了解,多年积累的勤奋精神,文化理解 上的多元化等等。 最后我想以这样一句话来与大家共勉:改变所能改变的,接受不能改变的,有智慧去区 分这两者的区别。衷心希望大家在各自平凡的位置上,作出不平凡的成就。 2009年2月15日完成于波士顿
position responsibilites. 1. What can I contribute to your company in the position? 2. What do you expect me to accomplish in the first 3 months, 6 months, year? resource to accomplish the responsibilities 3. what equipments do you have to make your products? 4. what equipments do you have to test your products? 5. what softwares are you using to help for your products? Level of authority 6. what is the level of the authority for this position? :)没加工 Performance evaluation 7. How do you evaluate your employee? Culture of company 8. What is the culture of your company? --------------------
9.what is your lead style? 10. what is challenging in your work? 11.what aspects of your products are you satisfied with, unsatisfied with? how do you improve them? 12. what do you plan to lower your cost? improve your yield? 13. do you have any concerns about how I fit this position?
http://developer.apple.com/iphone/devcenter/designingcontent.html http://www.practicalecommerce.com/blogs/developers-diary/archives/104 I'm getting ready to setup an HTC Excalibur and I wanted to post my list of favorite sites to visit with my Mobile Browser and a list of the apps I really need to install to make my Windows Mobile Smartphone complete. - Amazon Mobile - http://m.amazon.com - A basic, but very usable site, focused on search, that lets folks who've setup their Amazon account ahead of time purchase directly from the phone. Nice if you have Amazon Prime Free Shipping.
- BBC PDA - http://www.bbc.co.uk/mobile/pda or http://www.bbc.co.uk/mobile - BBC has a mobile site and a PDA site, but the PDA site looks best on Smartphones or Blackberries. The best of the BBC on my phone. The mobile site would look good on an old black-and-white WAP Nokia.
- CNN Mobile - http://m.cnn.com - Same here, mobile CNN, some pics, I use this site a lot.
- Engadget Mobile - http://m.engadget.com - My favorite tech and gadget blog, now with mobiley goodness. I wish I could see comments though.
- Hanselman.com - http://www.hanselman.com - Ha! See what I did right there? Back in the day, we taught dasBlog about mobile devices and if you hit hanselman.com from a Blackberry or Windows Mobile browser (and a number of other tiny browsers), we'll detect it and give you a mobile experience. Yay!
- Facebook - http://m.facebook.com - In terms of pure functionality, I'd say that Facebook's mobile site is, hands-down, the most functional. It feels like you can most everything you'd ever want to using only Tiny HTML. This site and this company continue to impress, probably because it's running entirely on Red Bull and 20-year-olds.
- Flight Stats - http://mobile.flightstats.com - This fine site has saved my tuckus a number of times while traveling. Their Airport Chatter section is interesting also.
- Google - http://www.google.com/xhtml - The Tiny XHTML version of Google includes location specific searches and personalization with News, Weather, Movies, etc.
- +1-800-GOOG-411 (+1-800-4664-411) - If you're able to call this number, either domestically or internationally, it's worth a try because it's amazing. Much better than the "1-800-Tell-Me stuff back in the day, but still of the same vein. I use this a LOT.
- Microsoft Live - http://wls.live.com or http://m.live.com - If you hit wls you'll get your browser detected and possible prompted to download a nice applet for your phone. If you hit m.live.com you'll get tiny Windows Live Search.
- Gmail - http://m.gmail.com - If you hit gmail with your phone you should get detected and sent over to the mobile version. If not, you can hit m.gmail.com or https://mail.google.com/mail/x/ where the x is magic. If you're running Google Apps for Your Domain (GAFYD) you can hack that URL also.
- Joystiq - http://m.joystiq.com - Tiny Gaming Site. Interestingly, while they use (I think) the same back end as Engadget, sometimes the fonts are all wonky.
- Mobile MSN - http://m.msn.com - A decent mobile portal and good jumping off point. The mobile stocks are particularly good.
- MSNBC - http://www.msnbc.msn.com - It's astonishingly LAME that you can't get to this site from http://m.msnbc.com but perhaps they'll read this and make that DNS change, because this is a really good tiny news site.
- Alarm.com - https://www.alarm.com/pda - I use Alarm.com to manage my security systems at the house and our rentals from my phone. If you've got a service available over the web, you really ought to have a minimal mobile website so kudos to them for having one.
- Twitter - http://m.twitter.com - Does exactly what it says it does...mobile twitter, although I'd like to be able to see Direct Replies in the interface.
- Wapedia (Mobile Wikipedia) - http://wapedia.mobi/en - Very useful for
winning arguments with the wife self-edification, it's the mobile Wikipedia. I think it's funny that folks thought that the ".mobi" top level domain extension was a good idea and that the internet just changed "www.foo.com" to "m.foo.com" and saved the registration fee. Plus, I don't have to tap out the "obi" which saves me, like minutes. What are your must-have mobile websites, Dear Reader?
Things to think about if you want to be a consultant http://devlicio.us/blogs/derik_whittaker/archive/2008/01/02/things-to-think-about-if-you-want-to-be-a-consultant.aspx I was chatting a buddy recently and he was thinking about making the jump to the consulting world (not solo, through a consulting firm). As he has never been a consultant I gave him my 2cents on questions to ask during the interview as well as things he has to accept before making the jump. Questions to ask the consulting firm - What percent of travel is the norm?
This is very important to know up front. Because if you don't want to travel much and they tell you they are 100% travel, then move on. One thing you need to keep in mind, is that they can give you a number, that number is NOT in stone. It can/will change from client to client. In my 5 years of consulting, I never left the greater Chicago area. And for 2+ years I worked out of our home office. - What is your bench policy?
Ask what the policy is for being on the bench? More importantly ask the billable % expectation is for a consultant. This can be important because if they expect you to be billable 90% of the year then they may not be able to handle any rough patches. However, if they expect you to be billable for only 80% then they should be better set for rough patches. I also found that if a company has higher expectations about billable %, they may not be willing to provide non-billable training as it eats into the bottom line. If you are on the bench, do they have something for you to do? Can you go to training during that time? Or can you simply stay home and collect a check (i wish)? - What is your training policy?
Ask what type of training they budget for? Do they pay for conferences, weekly training classes? Do they EXPECT you to take some sort of training. A good firm will have a defined budged that will allow for adequate training of all there consultants. Actually, it is in their best interest to keep you trained as you become more marketable. - What is the 'standard' number of billable hours you expect?
What is the standard number of hours do they expect you to bill for in a giving year? Is it 1800, is it 2000? This makes a difference because if they tell you 2000+ then are telling you they EXPECT you to work over time (more on that below). A full year with no time off is 2080 hours (52 weeks * 40 hours). But if you get 2 weeks vacation and 10 paid holidays you are only at 1920 (48 weeks * 40 hours). Again, now keep in mind that the 'standard' number is just a rule of thumb, but it is good to know. The higher the number, the less room in the budget they may have for when times get tough. Also, keep in mind that during my 5 years consulting, my average work week was about 45-50 hours. So if you are looking for the 40 hours and go home, you may not want to do consulting. - How are bonuses/raises calculated?
Do they give bonuses/raises? Are they based on billable hours? If they are based on billable hours, that can be good and bad. Example. My old firm would give a flat bonus, but if you worked 200 extra hours a year you got a bump, if you worked 300 you got an extra bump, etc. This is good because i knew that the more i billed, the larger my bonus. This was bad because i only got a sliver of the extra billable hours and in the long run did not pay off in the end. - How does overtime work?
Some firms don't do anything special for overtime (as is the case in most salary positions). However, some will actually pay you extra for your overtime (these places typically don't give bonuses). Other places bank your overtime and build that into your vacation (worked out well for my buddy). But i would say that most common is that nothing happens with your overtime, except the companies profits increase at your expense. Thing you have to accept as part of the job - The tech/environment will change with every new client
With every new client/project your environment along with the technology will change. For some people this is a show stopper, for others it is just another chance to learn. Keep in mind that if you work on site at the client you will be expected to follow ALL their rules. So if they are business formal, you will be expected to dress in business formal. If they say you cannot come in till 9 and must stay till 6, then that is what you must do. If you are not willing to accept this, then consulting may not be for you. - You may not always be working on 'cool/fun' tech
Since each project may change technology you may not always be working on 'fun, cool' stuff. You may go from doing cutting edge development on project to doing report writing on the next one. If you are not willing to accept this, then consulting may not be for you. - You are the '***' of the client, at their mercy
Since you are a 'hired gun' you are the mercy of the client. Don't expect to have the same treatment as full timers (a lot of places today treat their consultants as part of the family, but not all). Don't expect to get subsidized meals (if offered) or gym memberships, etc. Also, be ready to work in some of the worst spaces you can think of. On place i worked the consultants all sat in a single 15-20 office. They basically lined up desks along the wall and filled it with 6 people. I felt bad for them :). - The people you will meet
The coolest part is the people you will meet, the connections you will make. This is great because networking is the best way to move ahead in this business. I have meet some great people and have made some great contacts. This was my 2cents to him. Did I miss anything? Am I wrong? Let me know Till next time,
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